The delivery of education services in Pakistan is severely impacted by economic, political and security challenges that the country has been facing for some years.
Balochistan faces many challenges in the education sector including a large number of out-of-school children, high dropout rates, wide gender disparities in education indicators and poor quality of teaching and learning in the classroom.
In 2015/2016, Balochistan allocated 20% of its total budget to education (source: Public Financing of Education in Pakistan)
The government of Balochistan is committed to addressing the multiple challenges in the education sector and has identified the issue of poor access to education as the most important priority and the greatest challenge.
The Balochistan Education Sector Plan 2013-2018 focuses on the following priorities:
- Improving access and equity for all girls and boys to school by:
- Building and upgrading schools in communities where there is little or no access to school.
- Improving transition rates between levels (early childhood education to primary, primary to middle, middle to high).
- Reducing dropout by improving learning outcomes.
- Expanding alternate forms of delivery including private sector management, community school development, among others.
- Improving the quality of education by:
- Developing the capacity of education managers and professionals including teachers, examiners, curriculum and textbook developers.
- Developing learning standards and benchmarks.
- Improving assessment capacity.
- Preparing a new school language policy conducive to learning.
Governance and management improvements are central to the BESP, which focuses on improving managerial capacity for management and supervision, and improving information collection mechanisms and their use.
Punjab is the most populous province in Pakistan, with over 110 million people (54% of Pakistan’s population). Punjab has the largest education system in Pakistan, with over 24 million children enrolled in schools, both public and private.
Punjab province has developed its education development vision and strategies in the New Deal 2018-2023. The Punjab Education Sector Plan (PESP) 2019/2020 - 2023/24 builds on previous education reforms and reflects the vision and ongoing reforms as laid out in the New Deal. The School Education Department (SED), the Special Education Department (SpEd) and the Literacy and Non-Formal Basic Education Department (LNFBED) have a joint responsibility for the delivery of basic education in Punjab for children aged 5-16.
The basic education system in Punjab consists of pre-primary, primary (grades 1-5), middle/ elementary (grades 6-8), secondary education (grades 9-10) and higher secondary education (grades 11-12).
In recent years, the government of Punjab has undertaken a series of reforms to address both demand and supply-side education bottlenecks, including campaigns and incentives for school enrollment through stipends to girl students. New governance structures were put in place at central and district levels to strengthen operational capacity and management.
Teacher training was decentralized to the district and cluster levels, and more emphasis was attached to subject content and pedagogy. Curriculum was revised to place more focus on scientific learning. Formative assessments were gradually introduced at post-primary levels. Efforts were being made to improve school facilities to create a more conducive learning environment.
The basic education system in Sindh consists of pre-primary, primary (grades 1-5), middle/elementary (grades 6-8), secondary education (grades 9-10) and higher secondary education (grades 11-12).
The School Education and Literacy Department is responsible for the delivery of free and compulsory basic education for children aged 5-16.
Despite progress, the education sector is still facing many challenges:
- high disparity in education access and retention, especially from middle education level upwards (nearly 50% of children leave school by grade 5)
- high prevalence of multi-grade teaching
- lack of middle and secondary schools
- low teacher quality due to lack of appropriate training and shortage of teachers
- low learning outcomes.
The Sindh Education Sector Plan and Roadmap 2019-2024 outlines the strategic direction, drawing on data from the education sector analysis completed in 2019.
Improving governance and accountability within the system, notably through the better management of teachers and resources, is seen as the most important element to foster improvements in education outcomes.
The province has achieved an 87% primary enrollment rate and a transition rate from primary to lower secondary of 85%.
Student attendance increased by 7% and teacher attendance has escalated to 90%. The management and governance of the education sector have improved and schools are now better resourced.
This progress is a result of consistent policies, political commitment and stakeholders’ support, including development partners.
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s government has consistently allocated a large share of its budget for education (23% of the total provincial budget in 2020-21, the highest among Pakistan’s four provinces).
But considerable challenges remain: Around 2.1 million 5-16-year-old children are still out of school. There is a sharp decline in participation rates at post-primary levels. And the quality of education also poses significant challenges.
To address these, the province is implementing an education sector plan for the period 2020-2025, focusing on 3 priority areas:
- Improving access, retention and equity
- Enhancing quality and relevance
- Improving governance and management.